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PATHOLOGIES
FOREFOOT CONDITIONS
Hallux Valgus (Bunion)
What is it?
Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is a deformity where the big toe (hallux) deviates laterally (toward the second toe), while the first metatarsal bone drifts medially. This results in a prominent bump on the inner side of the foot at the base of the big toe.
CAUSES
- Genetic predisposition (family history is common)
- Flat feet or abnormal foot mechanics
- Tight or narrow footwear (especially high heels)
- Ligament laxity or joint hypermobility
- Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis
SYMPTOMS
- Pain and swelling over the bunion
- Difficulty wearing shoes comfortably
- Redness or callus formation at the bump
- Progressive drifting of the big toe
- Secondary deformities (e.g., hammer toes) may develop
DIAGNOSIS
- Clinical examination: visible deformity, joint tenderness, range of motion
- X-rays: to assess severity (measuring angles like the hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle) and guide surgical planning
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Non-Surgical
- Wider, supportive footwear
- Orthotics to offload pressure
- Toe spacers or splints (for symptom relief, not correction)
- Anti-inflammatory medication for pain
Surgical
Indicated if pain and deformity persist despite conservative care. Options include:
- Osteotomies (Bony alignment)
- Soft tissue realignment
- Fusion procedures in severe or arthritic cases
Surgery realigns the bones, corrects the deformity, and relieves pressure on surrounding tissues.
PROGNOSIS
Most patients improve significantly with surgery if symptoms are severe. Long-term success depends on the correction of alignment and post-operative rehabilitation.
